Bones of Fore Limb (Anterior Limb) of Cow
Bones of fore limb consists:
a) Scapula
b) Shoulder
joint
c) Humerus
d) Elbow
e) Radius
and ulna
f) Carpal
joint
g) Metacarpal
h) Fetlock
joint
i) Pastern
joint
j)
Coffin joint
Introduction.
The forelimb consists of the humerus,
radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. It moves against or
articulates with scapula at the shoulder joint.
Scapula
It is the most proximal bone of forelimb. The scapula is
not fused to the vertebral column and this allows muscles to function as shock
absorbers during locomotion. It has glenoid cavity where humerus is inserted to
form shoulder joint.
Humerus
It articulates with glenoid cavity of
scapula proximally and distal with radius ulna to form elbow joint.
Radius and Ulna
Radius is joined to the ulna. Proximally it
is attached with humerus and distally with carpal bone.
Carpal
It lies between radius ulna and metacarpus and 6 in number.
Metacarpal
They are two in number in cattle. In others 5 metacarpal is
present.
Phalanges (Digits)
They are 3 pairs in cattle. They bear most of the body
weight.
Bones of Hind Limb
a) Os
coxae
b) Femur
c) Patella
d) Tibia
e) Fibula
f) Tarsus
g) Metatarsus
h) Phalanges
Os coxae
Oscoxae is composed of three parts:
1.
Illium
Uppermost and largest
part of hip bone.
2.
Ischium
Large and long axis is directed obliquely dorsally and
caudally.
3.
Pubis
Cranial branch of pubic is narrow.
Pelvic bones:
Head of femur articulate with acetabulum of pelvic bone to
form hip joint.
Femur
Femur is strongest of long bone. Femoral head articulates proximally with of pelvic bone to form hip joint and distally with tibia fibula to form stifle joint.
Patella
Largest sesamoid bone.
Tibia fibula
It articulates proximally with femur and distally with
tarsal.
Tarsus
It articulates proximally with tibia fibula
and distally with metatarsal. Helps in running and movement.
Metatarsal
Connects proximally with tarus and distally with phalanges.
Arthrology
Branch of science that concerned with study of joints.
Classification of Joints
On the basis of
function:
} Synarthroses:
Immovable joint. Eg: Joint of skull
} Amphriarthroses: Slightly movable joint. Eg: Intervertebral disc
} Diarthroses:
Freely movable joints. Eg: Elbow, knee joint.
Classification based
on structure
} Fibrous
joint: Fixed and immovable.
} Cartilagenous
joints: Slightly movable and semi-movable.
} Synovial
joint: Movable.
Synovial Joint
A synovial joint is the type of joint
found between bones that move against each other, such as the joints of the
limbs (e.g. shoulder, hip, elbow and knee).
Characteristically it has a joint cavity filled with fluid.
Synovial joints are also called diarthrotic joint.
Parts of Synovial Joints
Digestive System of Animals
There are 4 types of digestive system
a) Monogastriceg
Human
b) Avianeg
Poultry
c) Ruminantseg
Cow
d) Pseudo-ruminantseg
Horse, Camel
Accessory Digestive Organs
A.
Salivary
gland:
Most important function is to buffer the pH levels in the rumen and reticulum.
B.
Pancreas:
Secrets pancreatic juice and hormone and maintains the proper level of sugar in the blood
C. Liver:
Secrets bile needed for digestion of fat .
D. Gall bladder: